which software was the first available for microcomputers quizlet
After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. Which software function could help students memorize the correct names of chemical elements? Named in honor of the space shuttle which broke-up on re-entry, the Columbia supercomputer is an important part of NASA's return to manned spaceflight after the 2003 disaster. Which software was the first available for microcomputers? This high performance processor found its place in powerful work stations intended for graphics-intensive programs common in engineering. MADDIDA was flown across the country for a demonstration to John von Neumann, who was impressed. D. Back in the 80s and 90s, the home computing revolution led to a huge number of microcomputers hitting the market across the world. What software was the first available for microcomputers? What is a key technological infrastructure resource for online teaching? The ATX is the most commonly used form factor today. That's not as trivial. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. The 470V/6 was the companys first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Apple Stores display of newly introduced Apple Watches. It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. The machines system of connections and switches let processors broadcast information and requests for help to other processors in a simulation of brain-like associative recall. The 48-bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes. User interface Because of its speed, small size, and reasonable cost, the PDP-8 was sold by the thousands to manufacturing plants, small businesses, and scientific laboratories around the world. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. A large amount of software was created for the BBC Micro, including educational, productivity, and game programs. Which is an acknowledged benefit of software with drill and practice functions? Intel released the 80486 microprocessor and the i860 RISC/coprocessor chip, each of which contained more than 1 million transistors. In some places, lower populations of ELL students may result in distorted data analysis. Of the dozens of different SWTP kits available, the 6800 proved the most popular. Part of the speed came from the computers design, which used 10 small computers, known as peripheral processing units, to offload the workload from the central processor. The popularity of 16-bit computers, such as the Hewlett-Packard 21xx series and the Data General Nova, led the way toward word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte. In 1975, Scelbi introduced the 8B version with 16 KB of memory for the business market. The Alpha processor designs were eventually acquired by Compaq, which, along with Intel, phased out the Alpha architecture in favor of the HP/Itanium microprocessor. In 1984, Michael Dell creates PC's Limited while still a student of the University of Texas at Austin. "We are trying to build a machine to do all kinds of different things simply by programming rather than by the addition of extra apparatus," Turing said at a symposium on large-scale digital calculating machinery in 1947 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the . One of the first commercially produced computers, the companys first customer was the US Navy. The Arduino used a Java-based integrated development environment and users could access a library of programs, called Wiring, that allowed for simplified programming. Spinning at 12,500 rpm, the 650s magnetic data-storage drum allowed much faster access to stored information than other drum-based machines. Which two kinds of software are designed primarily for use by individuals rather than by groups of students? Operators directed actions by touching a light gun to the SAGE airspace display. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machines thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. Gates and Allen started Microsoftoriginally called Micro-Soft, for microprocessors and. The militarys high standards for its transistors pushed manufacturers to improve quality control. MADDIDA is a digital drum-based differential analyzer. The computer had to be rugged and fast, with advanced circuit design and reliable packaging able to withstand the forces of a missile launch. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. So in 1971, Starkweather transferred to Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), away from corporate oversight. Later revisions used the Z80 processor, which is the model pictured above that [The Byte . It would serve as the model for several other significant multi-processor systems that would be among the fastest in the world. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. The success of the Portable inspired many other early IBM-compatible computers. With the success of the clone, Compaq recorded first-year sales of $111 million, the most ever by an American business in a single year. Online retailer Amazon released the Kindle, one of the first to gain a large following among consumers. The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. Typically, computer users of the time fed their programs into a computer using punched cards or paper tape. General Georges Doriot and his pioneering venture capital firm, American Research and Development, invested $70,000 for 70% of DECs stock to launch the company in 1957. At the same press conference, IBM also announced 40 completely new peripherals for the new family. The Air incorporated many of the technologies that had been associated with Apple's MacBook line of laptops, including integrated camera, and Wi-Fi capabilities. spreadsheet What is the function of an IEP generator? What do research studies tend to confirm about online learning? Intended to be a less expensive alternative to the PET, the VIC-20 was highly successful, becoming the first computer to sell more than a million units. Xerox wasnt interested. The Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600 performs up to 3 million instructions per second three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the IBM 7030 supercomputer. Built by IBM using their Blue Gene/Q supercomputer architecture, the Sequoia system is the world's fastest supercomputer in 2012. CHAPTER 5 QUESTION 1 1. The project became the One Laptop per Child Consortium (OLPC) founded by Nicholas Negroponte, the founder of MIT's Media Lab. Instruction for which all students "meet" with the instructor by video at a designated time of day would be an example of this kind of distance course. Enterprise resource planning systems cannot be used for managing daily operations. While many early digital computers were based on similar designs, such as the IAS and its copies, others are unique designs, like the CSIRAC. The PROMs contained a disk operating system, allowing. It was also repeatedly expanded and improved throughout its 13-year lifespan. Apple introduces their first ultra notebook a light, thin laptop with high-capacity battery. It had two operating modes, one that mirrored the segmented memory of older x86 chips, allowing full backward compatibility, and one that took full advantage of its more advanced technology. Apple had initially included a handle in their Macintosh computers to encourage users to take their Macs on the go, though not until five years after the initial introduction does Apple introduce a true portable computer. Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. The first generation of Palm-produced devices, the Palm 1000 and 5000, are based around a Motorola microprocessor running at 16MHz, and uses a special gestural input language called Graffiti, which is quick to learn and fast. The line was discontinued less than two years later. An early transistorized computer, the NEAC (Nippon Electric Automatic Computer) includes a CPU, console, paper tape reader and punch, printer and magnetic tape units. Sun Microsystems grows out of this prototype. Until recently, good microcomputer software for multimedia presentations was not available, but was much in demand by businesses. True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. The Moore School Building at the University of Pennsylvania. The roots of the companys name came from the acronym for Stanford University Network (SUN). !" "The only app I use when I need to get down to business." _____ account allows changes that affect other users, changes to security settings, installation of software and hardware, and access to all files on the computer. It was widely used in DEC's workstations and servers, as well as several supercomputers like the Chinese Sunway Blue Light system, and the Swiss Gigabooster. The first large commercial computers to use integrated circuits, RCA highlights the IC's advantage over IBMs custom SLT modules. The C64, as it is better known, sells for $595, comes with 64 KB of RAM and features impressive graphics. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. Apollo was a leading innovator in the workstation field for more than a decade, and was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989. What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? The electronic circuits (registers) of the arithmetic- logic unit perform both the arithmetic and logic functions needed for the software instructions to be executed. Selling for $1,750, the Micral never penetrated the U.S. market. Compaq licensed the MS-DOS operating system from Microsoft and legally reverse-engineered IBMs BIOS software. The first commercially advertised US computer based on a microprocessor (the Intel 8008,) the Scelbi has 4 KB of internal memory and a cassette tape interface, as well as Teletype and oscilloscope interfaces. and taking up a volume of less than 1 cubic foot. What is a prominent research finding regarding students who engage in computer programming activities? Though it used a proprietary operating system, RISC OS, the RISC PC could run PC-compatible software using the Acorn PC Card. The basic computer cost $28,500. Dell dropped out of school to focus on his business and in 1985, the company produced the first computer of its own design, the Turbo PC, which sold for $795. The first companies to produce a specific type of program had good sales even though they did little promotion and their programs were not "userfriendly." It seems that many of these "innovators . When was the word "computer" first used? Apples inspiration for the Lisa and Macintosh computers came from the Xerox Alto. The first practical stored-program computer to provide a regular computing service, EDSAC is built at Cambridge University using vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for memory. Wi-Fi What type of software allows teachers and students in different locations to use it to create, edit, and share documents at the same time over the Internet? An experiment conducted five months later on the MIT Whirlwind computer confirmed how useful and convenient a keyboard input device could be. Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. mainframe computer. MITS co-founder Ed Roberts invented the Altair 8800 which sold for $297, or $395 with a case and coined the term personal computer. That goes back thousands of years, of course, and you can guess how they did it. These tables were later confirmed by using more modern computers for the actual flights. Which of the following has research shown to be a benefit of online learning? Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. spreadsheet program What feature of modern productivity tools makes it possible for files created in one software product to be opened in another software product? Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. What are students programming when they develop a computer-generated environment in which a real-life scene is overlaid with computer-generated information? What type of web-based creation is produced when students submit their written or artistic products to a website? Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. IBM establishes the 650 as its first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in just one year. Sold complete with a main logic board, switching power supply, keyboard, case, manual, game paddles, and cassette tape containing the game Breakout, the Apple-II finds popularity far beyond the hobbyist community which made up Apples user community until then. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. What is a typical classroom application for instructional games? In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. Minuteman missiles use transistorized computers to continuously calculate their position in flight. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. Northrop was initially reluctant to make MADDIDA a commercial product, but by the end of 1952, six had sold. The banking industry rushed to adopt the machine, built to run during repair or expansion. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. The 1401 mainframe, the first in the series, replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with smaller, more reliable transistors. The system was IBM's response to losing control of the PC market with the rise of widespread copying of the original IBM PC design by clone makers. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. To protect it from earthquakes, the building housing it was built using a seismic isolation system that used rubber supports. Scientific and defense applications included studies of human electrophysiology, nuclear weapon simulation, human genome mapping, and global climate change. If a student is creating within Minecraft or Sims, what type of computer programming products are they designing and making? Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. The IBM PC was widely copied (cloned) and led to the creation of a vast ecosystem of software, peripherals, and other commodities for use with the platform. Started in 1943, the ENIAC computing system was built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. Incorporating a version of Apple's iOS operating system, as well as sensors for environmental and health monitoring, the Apple Watch was designed to be incorporated into the Apple environment with compatibility with iPhones and Mac Books. Programmer Arthur Samuels used the 701 to write the first computer program designed to play checkers. Under the direction of engineer Dr. Paul Friedl, the Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) personal computer prototype is developed at IBM's Los Gatos and Palo Alto, California laboratories. Its price was especially attractive as the computer included very useful productivity software worth about $1,500 alone. central processing unit (cpu) computers brain. The trio soon attracted UC Berkeley UNIX guru Bill Joy, who led software development. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). It performed 2 million instructions per second, but other RISC-based computers worked significantly faster. System control was provided through the Atlas Supervisor, which some consider to be the first true operating system. Both faced strong competition from the Apple II, Commodore PET, and TRS-80 computers. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. Designed by scientists and engineers at MITs Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. The machines existence was not made public until the 1970s. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer) prototype. Mark-8 featured on Radio-Electronics July 1974 cover. What can both teachers and students create to make a visual record their skill development over time? Its base price was $6,500. The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. assist teachers in preparing student IEPs. The Librascope division of defense contractor General Precision buys Frankels design, renaming it the LGP-30 in 1956. During World War II, the US Navy approaches the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) about building a flight simulator to train bomber crews. The computer he created, an all-black cube was an important innovation. What set the 486 apart was its optimized instruction set, with an on-chip unified instruction and data cache and an optional on-chip floating-point unit. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. The basic idea for bombes came from Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski's 1938 "Bomba.". The first of David Hilbert's 23 unsolved problems presented at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900 involved the Continuum Hypothesis. A consortium of aerospace, energy, and marine science agencies undertook the project, and the system was built by NEC around their SX-6 architecture. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. The motes were powered by a tiny battery and could gain light energy through a photocell, which was enough to feed the infinitesimally small amount of energy a mote consumes (1 picowatt). When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. The LINC was later commercialized by DEC and sold as the LINC-8. The iPad combines many of the popular capabilities of the iPhone, such as built-in high-definition camera, access to the iTunes Store, and audio-video capabilities, but with a nine-inch screen and without the phone. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. The machine used up to 65,536 one-bit processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Paragon systems were used in many scientific areas, including atmospheric and oceanic flow studies, and energy research. The machine was noted for its ease-of-use and included a 'manual' that contained only a few pictures and less than 20 words. Based around the Texas Instruments TMS 9900 microprocessor running at 3 MHz, the TI 99/4 has one of the fastest CPUs available in a home computer. Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. A computer could write it with a laser instead. Advertised as the first 100% IBM PC-compatible computer, the Compaq Portable can run the same software as the IBM PC. One of the earliest and most popular pieces of software for microcomputers was the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. Of the following challenges, which one has not been identified as a challenge for students engaged in blended learning? Definition. The ABC was at the center of a patent dispute related to the invention of the computer, which was resolved in 1973 when it was shown that ENIAC co-designer John Mauchly had seen the ABC shortly after it became functional. Rather than testing components like the SEAC, the SWAC was built using already-developed technology. The Video Display Module (VDM) marks the first implementation of a memory-mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers. Definition. Some of its other innovations were the inclusion of a magneto-optical (MO) disk drive, a digital signal processor and the NeXTSTEP programming environment (later released as OPENSTEP). Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. 40,000 were sold, including 10 to NASA for use on the Apollo space project. Johnniac was used for scientific and engineering calculations. Apple's Macintosh Portable meets with little success in the marketplace and leads to a complete redesign of Apple's line of portable computers. HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in With a distinctive anodized aluminum case, and hailed as the first true 64-bit personal computer, the Apple G5 is the most powerful Macintosh ever released to that point. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. From concept to finished system, SCAMP took only six months to develop. In his book Giant Brains, Berkeley noted - We shall now consider how we can design a very simple machine that will think. true. A series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? Completed in 1951, Whirlwind remains one of the most important computer projects in the history of computing. See Answer. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. workstations. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. DSKY interface for the Apollo Guidance Computer. The Pentium introduced several advances that made programs run faster such as the ability to execute several instructions at the same time and support for graphics and music. The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. The Zilog Z-80 could run any program written for the 8080 and included twice as many built-in machine instructions. Which instructional software function would probably be the most appropriate choice for allowing students to discover rules for genetics? A large parallel processing computer, the ILLIAC IV does not operate until 1972. The primary distinguishing characteristic of modern computers is ____. After successfully demonstrating a proof-of-concept prototype in 1939, Professor John Vincent Atanasoff receives funds to build a full-scale machine at Iowa State College (now University). The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) is among the first stored program computers completed in the United States. IBMs 7000 series of mainframe computers are the companys first to use transistors. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing. The first offering to the public required the buyer to purchase one to be given to a child in the developing world as a condition of acquiring a machine for themselves. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. effects of word processing on students' handwriting. This very small home computer is available in the UK as a kit for 79 or pre-assembled for 99. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. After being successfully used for decades, NTDS was phased out in favor of the newer AEGIS system in the 1980s. It was a commercial computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. During the 1980s and early 1990s, ____ was the dominant operating system for microcomputers. Updates called _____ contain fixes and enhancements to the operating system. Which of the following is not a file format in which audio-video files can be imported from a source and stored in a computer? Answer (1 of 14): There's a good argument that written mathematics or music is probably the first, a pre-specified structured set of instructions intended to transport and replicate a process. A. The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) needed a supercomputer to help with the maintenance of the US nuclear arsenal following the ban on underground nuclear testing. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. . Columbia Supercomputer system made up of SGI Altix. Colligan, Dubinsky, Hawkins (left to right). the _____ screen is the first screen displayed. The TI 99/4 sold well and led to a series of TI follow-on machines. It was the first microcomputer to sell in large numbers. The typical PDP-1 computer system, which sells for about $120,000, includes a cathode ray tube graphic display, paper tape input/output, needs no air conditioning and requires only one operator; all of which become standards for minicomputers. The inside of the Amiga case is engraved with the signatures of the Amiga designers, including Jay Miner as well as the paw print of his dog Mitchy. An inspiring summer school on computing at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering stimulates construction of stored-program computers at universities and research institutions in the US, France, the UK, and Germany. One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. Arduino soon became the main computer platform of the worldwide Maker movement. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements.